Cockroaches and Human Health Essay Sample

Cockroaches and Human Health Essay Sample Effects of Cockroaches on Human Beings Essay Sample Effects of Cockroaches on Human Beings Essay Sample A cockroach is one of the oldest species on earth. They have not changed in the process of evolution. It is one of the groups of insects widespread around the globe. Cockroaches are among the most enduring insects on the planet. People have struggled with them for many centuries. Science describes 3,600 species. The insects are heat-loving and inhabit mainly heated buildings. They breed all year round actively. The insects are well-oriented in space. Cockroaches label their shelters and the way to them with trace pheromones. The insects are practically omnivorous (eat everything except glass and metal). They eat both fresh and spoiled food. Cockroaches can eat non-traditional products: pepper, ink, leather. A cockroach is an agent of more than 40 different kinds of pathogens (causing intestinal infections, urinary tract infections, hepatitis), as well as helminth eggs. In addition, cockroaches can provoke allergies and asthma attacks. When a cockroach dies, it leaves a skeleton, which consists of chitin. A mixture of chitin and house dust causes asthma. There have been cases when hungry insects bit babies’ ears, nose, and lips. History of Cockroaches A cockroach appeared when there was neither man nor birds and animals on the planet Earth. Cockroaches crept along wet warm forests. There were no wingless forms. â€Å"Once thought to have originated from Africa, the German cockroach probably spread from an area in East and South-East Asia† (Bonnefoy, Kampen, Sweeney, 2008, p. 54). The German cockroach and the Black-beetle are spread everywhere. The American Cockroach is widespread in Eastern Europe. Some people say that the German cockroach’s homeland was South Asia and that it was brought to Europe in the XVIII century. Others believe that it moved with people on ships from Africa. They moved to the north, settling with people. In Central European cities, the Black-beetle has been known for over 400 years (Bonnefoy et al., 2008). Cockroaches are very unpretentious. However, the main things for these migrants from the southern geographic areas are warmth, moisture, and, of course, food. Breadcrumbs on a kitchen table or even just a badly wiped surface are a magic tablecloth for them. Glue on the envelope will be enough for the cockroach to eat for a week. It can also eat soap, shoe polish, paper. Nevertheless, it has gastronomic preferences like white bread and beer. That is why, cockroaches choose kitchens, bakeries, and breweries most willingly. Like all arthropods, a cockroach’s body is segmented and covered with a chitinized cuticle, which is released by cells of the hypodermis. The segments are combined into three functionally distinct sections: a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. The head consists of five segments fused into a solid head capsule – epicranium. The head is triangular or heart-shaped, flat, covered by a shield-shaped pronotum. There are sensory organs and mouth adnexa on the head. There are two big eyes. They are of two types: complex and simple. However, they often atrophy. Sometimes, both are absent. Cockroaches have strong jaws. â€Å"The mouth parts are of the biting kind common to primitive† (Kemp, 1906). The first two pairs of jaws are mandible and maxillae. They are separate. The third pair is fused in the midline, forming the lower lip, the end parts of which remain divided. Tentacles are long and bristle. They are segmented and mainly olfactory organs. They are situated on the fr ont side of the head between eyes. Tentacles consist of a different number of segments. A clypeus is simple and has two parts. The body is flat and oval with a length from 1.7-2 cm to 9.5 cm. The pronotum is large, almost flat, and usually with transparent edges. Superior wings are dense, but with distinct venation. Underwings are webbed and are folded under superior wings. Superior wings and wings are often short or absent. Hips are flat and armed with spines; the armament is of three types. All tibias have strong spines. An abdomen is long, consists of 8-10 tergites and 8-9 (males) or 7 (females) sternites. The last tergite is an anal plate, which is very diverse, sometimes asymmetrical. A genital plate represents a male’s external genital apparatus; an external one is very diverse. A female’s ovipositor is completely hidden. The development occurs with incomplete metamorphosis. A cocoon shell covers mature eggs. Larvae are wingless and small. The development of an e mbryo lasts 17 days. Post-embryonic development lasts 40-41 days, followed by six molts. The lifespan of a female is up to 153 days. Popular Species German Cockroaches â€Å"The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is the most common indoor species, especially in multiple-family dwellings† (UC IPM, 2007). The German cockroach or Croton-bug is an especially well-known species of synathrophic cockroaches. It is reddish-brown with two stripes on a pronotum. Its length is 10-13 mm. The cockroach’s homeland is South Asia. It was brought to Europe in the XVIII century. It lives in warm, heated rooms in winter, especially in old bathhouses, bakeries, and kitchens. The German cockroach is heat-loving and cannot stand cold weather. A temperature below 5 °C is lethal for it: at -5 °C it dies in 30 minutes and at -7 °C – in a minute. Living in premises, it can eat remnants of bread, vegetables, sugar, butter, and other products. In addition, it damages paper, books, as well as shoes and other leather items. Black-beetles The Black-beetle occurs outside a human’s accommodation in countries with warm climate. â€Å"The black roach is less active and wary than the others, and particularly to German roach, which is especially agile and shy† (Marlatt, 1915, p. 5). Now, the Black-beetle is rare, but it lives in Central Asia. The color of the Black-beetle is pitchy or blackish-brown. It is bigger than the German cockroach. A male is 20-25 mm long and a female is 18-30 mm. Males’ underwings are shorter than the abdomen. The underwings of females are undeveloped. Skin glands of this cockroach spread unpleasant smell. The female lays 5-8 cocoons before dying. The Black-beetle cockroach cocoon contains 16 eggs. Larvae go out of eggs after 2-3 months. Terms of an embryo development depend on temperature and humidity. They grow and develop rapidly: from 4 months to 4 years, depending on the temperature and habitats. Do Cockroaches Carry Diseases? Viral Fatigue It is a well-known fact that cockroaches carry millions of bacteria on their legs. These bacteria enter a body, causing dyspepsia and intoxication. Experts point out that cockroaches are vectors of the so-called viral fatigue. Doctors in the USA and France have concluded that cockroaches are guilty of a permanent prostration. Scientists have recently discovered a new species of cockroaches living in concrete buildings. They have found that they had viral fatigue, which appeared because of mutation. Doctors believe that a microbe can suck the life force from the body, which leads to a sort of premature aging. Contact with insects can transmit the virus to humans. For humans, the virus is dangerous by the fact that the high-calorie diet and vitamins do not bring relief as it eats all useful substances contained in the food before they manage to enter the bloodstream. The person is slowly dying, not knowing that he or she has been the victim of a deadly disease. A new species of parasites was first found in France. Scientists have not found a way to cope with the virus of cockroach fatigue yet, but prevention may stop the disease. Allergies and Asthma In fact, human aversion to cockroaches comes from self-preservation. Cockroaches that eat garbage spread diseases by contact. It is true that these insects cause allergies and asthma. According to experts, a significant increase in the incidence of asthma in recent years, especially among children, is associated with allergy to cockroaches. Cancer Now, Japanese scientists have proven that they cause cancer. Actually, there is a clear correlation of cockroaches with cancer. Today, researchers from the Medical University of Kyoto Prefecture have found that cockroaches could be the cause of cancer. It is clear that cockroaches are vectors of all kinds of bacteria. Japanese scientists claim that the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori increases the risk of stomach cancer and spreads with cockroach droppings. According to scientists, if there are cockroaches in a house, then most likely an owner is infected with this bacterium. However, this bacterium does not cause cancer; it just increases the possibility of its occurrence. The main conclusion of Japanese scientists is that cockroaches are not only disgusting, but also terribly harmful. Exterminator specialists argue that the main method of controlling cockroaches is to cut their way to the water. One needs to fix all taps, wipe the sink at night, and close a drain with a plug. Flowers need watering only in the morning. Under these recommendations, the probability that cockroaches will breed in the house is almost zero. Control Measures Spray One of the most common misconceptions is that cockroaches can be killed forever. The first way to fight with cockroaches is spray (from 1-2 days to 2 weeks). Chemical compounds that include aerosols are so unstable that they are often decomposed in a couple of hours after application and do not cause any harm to insects. Besides, one should not forget about the problem of resistance, i.e. addiction of cockroaches to a particular type of chemical compounds. â€Å"Using these products can cause the roaches to hide deeper inside walls and be more difficult to control later† (Ogg, 2004). Cockroach Bait Cockroach bait is a quite popular and widely advertised insect control. It has no smell and no stains. However, these insecticides have one, but a significant drawback: a cockroach is required to noose. â€Å"Bait is more effective if it is attractive or neutral to cockroaches, or if they cannot escape it† (Rust, Owens, Reierson, 1995, p. 255). Insecticidal gels have become very popular in recent years. However, they frequently use ordinary chocolate paste (hence the brown color) as an attractant and the insecticide and sometimes bitter flavor are added to this paste to avoid eating gel by pets and small children. Fumigation There is another way of chemical control of insects – fumigation. â€Å"Fumigation is a category of a pest control in which gaseous pesticide (fumigant) is applied within a measured volume of space that is enclosed by tarpaulins or otherwise sealed† (Capinera, 2008, p. 3604). It means that an insecticide is placed in a special container and upon contact with water a reaction occurs, resulting in poisonous smoke. In some developed countries, this method is banned for residential use and is used only for disinfestation of storages, basements, and other commercial buildings. Biological effectiveness of this method is quite high because poison penetrates with smoke everywhere and settles on surfaces. However, people will have to live in a place where all things are covered with a thin layer of insecticide. Chalk Chalk is the most primitive method of controlling insects. It has gotten its spread only by price. Chalks are soaked in a weak solution of the insecticide and act as compressed powders. The term of such chalks is short enough (7-10 days). Sticky â€Å"Houses† The next way to control insects is sticky â€Å"houses†. In fact, it is not a means of insect control. It is a natural trap. Sticky traps are recommended to be used together with chemical methods of insect control in places where treatment with chemicals is undesirable or impossible (cabinets for food storage, appliances, etc.). Dust and Powder Talking about dust or powder in different packages, powder often clogs the spiracles of a cockroach. However, together with a low biological efficiency, powders have the most significant drawback as they raise dust, form suspension in the air, and are inhaled by humans and animals, causing attacks of allergy or asthma. Moreover, some powders, containing thiuram – a strong carcinogen, are very dangerous for health. Furthermore, cats and dogs breathe the air near the floor where the powder is scattered. It remains on their paws and hair. A cat licks its fur very often and the poison gets straight into its stomach. Disadvantages of Chemical Methods Most of these methods have a number of disadvantages. Firstly, cockroaches disappear only for a while. More often, cockroaches just become less numerous. Secondly, unpleasant smell can stay in the apartment (it applies to chemicals). Finally, chemicals used to control cockroaches are dangerous to human and animal health. Vapors of toxic chemicals are harmful to health. They lead to a weakening of the immune system and, consequently, to a decrease of the bodys ability to resist pathogenic and harmful effects. As a result, it may develop or aggravate almost any disease. Dry pesticides are dangerous if they enter a mouth or open wounds (scratches). Most often, it happens with children and pets. The presence of cockroaches indicates poor sanitary condition. The main thing in fighting against cockroaches is observance of sanitary-hygienic requirements, as well as elimination of food and water sources and hiding places. Although to find an effective remedy is quite difficult, it is necessary to fight for the eviction of these ill-fated red monsters and not just because they damp the spirits. The persistence of cockroaches is explained not only by unpretentiousness, but also by high fertility. The female cockroach is fertilized only once. However, over the six-month life of an adult insect, it lays eggs in the form of a baggage several times and drags them on the tip of the abdomen. Then, it unhooks the luggage from the abdomen and about forty white creatures appear. Consequences of a cockroach’s coexistence with a person have a negative result: synanthropic cockroaches are dangerous because they spoil products. Furthermore, they spread various bacteria and helminth eggs. The bacteria cause dysentery, typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, and other diseases. There are whipworm and pinworms eggs in the rectum of a black cockroach. In addition, a German cockroach has broad tapeworm eggs. It could be concluded that cockroaches are troublesome neighbors.

Refutation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Refutation - Essay Example The author is gravely mistaken by asserting that his daughters have no mother for the reason that they were born through a surrogate. As such, Mutchnick (2009) also alleged that since the conception process used an egg donor, who he never had the chance to meet, he naturally concluded that the daughters have no mother. One strongly believes that all people were borne from biological mothers. And, even if the children is subsequently given up for adoption, or have been conceived through the surrogate method, a mother still has existed. Concurrently, it was erroneous for the author to presume that the oven is a term that is analogous to a mother. These are two anti-thetical terms: an inanimate object versus a living human being. Thus, Mutchnick (2009) could have used the term to inject humor to his literary discourse, but still, he could not validly assert that his daughters have no mother since the donor, who have contributed the eggs; and the surrogate are female human beings who have the capabilities to bear a child. As such, they could or could not be a mother, at the time of contracting an agreement with them, but as soon as the child was born, the surrogate mother is identified as the biological mother. Finally, the author could indeed assert that motherhood needs to be perfected only when the role and responsibilities of a mother has been duly accorded. Since the daughters were apparently borne from the efforts and purpose prescribed by Mutchnick, they apparently have assumed the role and responsibilities that mothers usually undertake. As such, he affirms that his daughters do not have a mother. One’s response to this argument is that: the daughters could in fact not have a biological or legally recognized mother – but still, by the fact that they were borne from a female human being, they still have a biological; yet not recognized or known mother. From an article written by Rogers (2012) which qualifies the definition of a mother, in cases

Personal Statement for master's degree at Cambridge university Essay

Personal Statement for master's degree at Cambridge university - Essay Example The memory of my childhood in Kazakhstan is full of questions related to economics. Why is there nothing on the shelves in the shops? Why do my parents need to queue all morning for basics such as flour and sugar? At the time, I did not understand the intricacies of a transition economy or how the policy of Shock Therapy for the Kazakh economy in the 1990’s lead to the poverty, hyperinflation and unemployment that I witnessed all around me. Once I understood that these social realities could be explained and possibly prevented by studying and applying economic knowledge, I made the firm decision to study Economics at university. For me, a decision to study economics is much more personal than simply selecting a future profession. I want to study economics to solve the problems that surrounded me growing up in Kazakhstan. This decision has lent great focus to my academic endeavours. I am a great candidate for studying at Cambridge because I have a strong history of academic ach ievements. I was proud to be awarded The President’s Bolshak scholarship and was a recognized Gold Medal scholar, meaning I graduated with distinction in all of my courses. I also excel at mathematics courses and have a natural ability for working with numbers. My first step towards my future degree in Economics was a foundation course at UCL, which I completed last year. The Economics module introduced me to the theory as well as the practical side of Economics. Currently, I am earning a BSc in Economics at the University of York. My undergraduate courses are expanding my knowledge, though most of it is focusing on theory at this point. I am currently learning about micro and macro economics as a part of my undergraduate studies. In addition to these standard economics courses, I have added modules that highlight my math ability. These courses started with Dynamic Modeling for Economists in my second year and continuing with Industrial Economics in my third year. The former is by far my favourite field of Economics: I am fascinated to learn the techniques available for modeling economic processes which evolve through time and for solving dynamic economic problems. I have also elected to add a concentration of advanced mathematics that I believe will help me with my graduate studies at Cambridge. In addition to these formal studies, I am getting real world experience through internships. I have worked at The Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Competition Protection. This agency is in charge of monitoring and ending monopolistic practices. While there, I helped investigate the telecommunications sector in Kazakhstan, helping to identify monopolistic practices. Last summer I was able to work for PricewaterhouseCooper back home in Astana. I assisted in data analysis for the â€Å"Samruk-Kazyna† project. I also serve as vice-president of The York Kazakh Society, handling all financial arrangements for the club. My most exciting experience so fa r has been travelling to New York City on a scholarship to participate in a three week seminar on finance. In addition to my academic pursuits, I have two great passions in my life. I love to compete in debate and go ballroom dancing. These activities help my studies by giving me a way to relax and sharpen presentation skills. Continuing my study of Economics at Cambridge is very important for my future. Cambridge is universally recognised as a top tier school for Economics. My goal is to study in the graduate school at Cambridge so I will be equipped with the best

Southwest Airline Co and Cost Accounting Essay Example for Free

Southwest Airline Co and Cost Accounting Essay Southwest Airline Co. is a major passenger airline that provides scheduled air transportation in the United States. Southwest provides point-to-point service which allows the use of key assets, including aircrafts, gates, employees, and the ability to provide frequent, conveniently- timed flights and low fares. Southwest Airlines has built its culture from the inside out and believes that the satisfied employees will keep customers coming back. Southwest Airlines operates with a low-cost structure that is designed to allow it to charge low airfares. With that said, cost accounting can have a pervasive influence in this and other organizations. From the company’s 2006 annual report-Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Information, Item 1A. Risk Factors; fuel price volatility presents one of the company’s most significant challenges. Southwest for the past five years of this annual report, has hedged its fuel risk as part of its lost cost strategy. While this also demonstrates the use of cost accounting, the company entered into fuel derivatives contracts to protect against rising fuel costs. Southwest Airlines uses cost accountants in contributing to the external financial reports such as inventory valuation as noted on page 55, under Notes Consolidated Financial Statements – (Continued) – Inventories, which consists of flight equipment expendable parts, materials, aircraft fuel, and supplies. The cost accountant determines the valuation method that is in the best interest of the company and favorable to the stockholder. There is an advantage to having cost accountants, they create reports used strictly for internal use and are not restricted to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). A cost accountant is free is use any costing paradigm that will result in an informative report for management. Such reports may consist of, but limited to job costing, direct costing, activity-based costing, process costing and more. Unlike internal reports, external reports are formatted and defined by GAAP Cost accountants focus on providing information for management decision making. The cost accountant can contribute several types of costing information to the planning process that are of assistance in making strategy alterations that will result in enhanced levels of profitability or the avoidance of low-profit strategy alternatives.

Free College Essays - Symbolism in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter Symbolism The Scarlet Letter is a book of much symbolism.   One of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book is Pearl, the daughter of Hester Prynne.   Pearl, throughout the story, develops into a dynamic symbol -   one that is always changing.   In the following essay, I will explore some of the symbolism which Pearl came to represent throughout the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Scarlet Letter, Hester, for her sins, received a scarlet letter, "A" which she had to wear upon her chest.   This was the Puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery.   The Puritan treatment continued, because as Hester would walk through the streets, she would be looked down upon as if she were some sort of demon from Hell, that committed a terrible crime.   This would give her much mental anguish and grief.   On the other hand, God's treatment of Hester for her sin was quite different than just a physical token: he gave Hester the punishment of a very unique child which she named Pearl.   This punishment handed down from God was a constant mental and physical reminder to Hester of what she had done wrong, and she could not escape it.   In this aspect, Pearl symbolized God's way of punishing Hester for adultery.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The way Hester's life was ruined for so long was the ultimate price that Hester paid for Pearl.   With Pearl, Hester's life was one almost never filled with joy, but instead a constant nagging.   Pearl would harass her mother over the scarlet "A" which she wore.   Pearl would also make her own "A" to wear, and sometimes she played games with her mother's, trying to hit it with rocks.   When Hester would go into the town with Pearl, the other children would make fun of her, and Pearl would yell and throw dirt at them.   So, in this case, Pearl symbolized the decimation of Hester's life and mental state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Hester had so much trouble with Pearl, she still felt that Pearl was her treasure.   Pearl was really the only thing that Hester had in life, and if Pearl wasn't in Hester's life, Hester would almost surely have committed suicide.   Once and a while, Pearl would bring joy to Hester's life, and that helped her to keep on living.   Pearl really symbolized a rose to her mother, at some times she could be bright and vibrant, and really love her mother, but at other times, she could be wilting.

Research Real Estate Data Set Essay

Abstract In this paper the team analyzed three scholarly articles relating to our study. Furthermore, the team also analyzed additional data sets to include more variables like bedrooms and bathrooms in our investigation to test our hypothesis which shows that the results are consistent with the hypothesis. The population size, primary and secondary data, using unbiased information and applying ethics are also discussed in detail. Real Estate Data Set II As we begin the final stages of our project it is important to understand the process of applied research and how one or more variable have an impact on the dependable variable. It is important to understand why research is necessary and how we apply research to get answers to issues. The team analyzed thirty date sets to research homes with or without a pool, with or without a garage, and on the proximity of the house to the city, and how those factors affected the selling prices of homes. Furthermore, the team also analyzed more data sets to include more variables like bedrooms and bathrooms. Six bedrooms, three bath houses will sell for more than a one bedroom, one bath houses, regardless of whether it has a pool or garage. As we go forward with this assignment and analyze more data collection sets, it seems that the hypothesis that we proposed is the right one. Our hypothesis is based around the concept of human prioritization and its role in home selection. Additionally, the team researched three scholarly articles that are pertinent to our study to help us understand why the research is important and necessary. The first article uses analysis to discuss the connection between the selling price of a home and â€Å"Time on the Market† (TOM) (Sirmans, et al, 2010). It states that the longer the house is on the market the lower the selling price of the house. The study uses data sets to examine single family homes and whether the TOM co-efficient is susceptible to location, income of families, wealth and time. The results proved that the TOM co-efficient is sensitive to the variables and there is a significant relationship between TOM and the selling prices (Sirmans et al, 2010). It also states that selling prices and TOM is a very complicated because ellers / buyers want to maximize the price, while sellers want to sell at the top price buyers want to purchase at the lowest price. The second article discusses the study of how technology of real estate is changing and how important technology is key to gather important data from private and public sources for the real estate industry. Many studies have been published about the impact of the information on the real estate industry, on market size and efficiency, and market innovation. These studi es have proven that email and the use of internet are used as a positive marketing tool. Survey questions were developed to gather information about real estate agents and their attitude about using information technology as marketing their services. The results were positive and all that were surveyed viewed that information technology was key in some areas. Internet usage got a high score along with online research but personal webpage’s indicated a lower score (Acharya et al, 2010). The third article examined that in real estate development there is a need for risk assessment techniques to assess the impact of the project. The article is based on an exploratory survey which data was collected through interviews and a questionnaire. The study was conducted in the Thailand area using Thai real estate development companies. The study revealed that there are no systematic techniques to deal with the concerns of economic and political risks (Khumpaisal et al, 2010). All three articles focus on real estate research and how information is collected and used in different studies. All three article discuss how data, the collection of the data and the usage of the data play an important part while conducting research. When conducting research it is often difficult, or impractical to test the entire population. Many issues can arise, such as time consumption, cost, and redundant information. Often it is possible for researchers to draw conclusions based on population samples. This is when we test a small portion of the population and draw conclusions on the entire population based on the sample results. For our research the sample of thirty homes came from a larger sample of one hundred six homes. These homes were a sample of homes in one state, across five townships. For our research we decided to limit the sample to around thirty homes of similar qualities (outside of the variables we are testing). The reason we do this is to be sure there isn’t an outside, unknown variable affecting the experiment. Therefore we chose homes that are between two and three bedrooms, with two bathrooms. This gave us a sample of thirty-one homes. For this particular research, it is possible to see the affects of different variables on home prices. Also, with more than thirty samples it is also possible to eliminate outliers that may skew averages. For example, if we only tested three homes and two of them were priced outrageously, we wouldn’t be able to draw valid conclusions. However, by testing thirty-one homes, we can eliminate outliers. There are many possible sources of bias and error when testing a hypothesis with only sample of the population. In our case, we could simply omit homes that disprove our hypothesis. One reason for this is if we were working for a real estate company and they want to see which homes can make them the most money, and we know there are a lot of homes near the city center for sale. If we omit homes far away from the city that are selling for more, our bias has caused us to give false findings. Not all omissions are intentional. Sometimes errors are simply made in the research process. For example, with our research we could have included homes with any number of bedrooms. This would have resulted in data that may not have been practical for our research. For example, the complete data set included homes with up to eight bedrooms. If we were to compare that to a home with only two bedrooms the fact that either had a pool, or garage, or was close to the city would have been negligible. Again, we chose to only test similar homes in respect to number of bedrooms and bathrooms in order to prevent this error. It is necessary to collect primary data when a researcher cannot find the data needed in secondary sources. Some methods of primary research would include observation, postal surveys, telephone interviews, online surveys, face to face surveys, focus groups, and test marketing. Observation works well in retail markets. Observing consumer behavior provides many insights, although can sometimes leave unanswered questions. Postal surveys are great because they are relatively cheap with the ability to cover a wide geographical area. However, response rates are minimal and can take quite some time before any of the surveys are returned. Telephone interviews allow quicker feedback than a postal survey but any potential customers are usually hesitant on giving anything but short answers. Increasingly popular and at relatively low cost, surveys online are widely used by growing businesses as a way of gathering the views of potential and existing customers. Face to face surveys are sometimes costly, but a great way to get individual detailed insight, while focus groups are a good way of getting detailed information about customer preferences and tastes. Test marketing involves picking a small section of the market and selling a new product in order to assess customer reaction. This primary research can be a great predictor of how a new product or service will be received by the larger market. Primary research is the preferred research and conducted all of the time. National polls and surveys collect the population’s thoughts about proposals or particular political figures, journalists use it as their primary means of reporting events as well as news, and organizations collect data on their market trends and consumer base. When conducting research in professional or academic settings, the researcher needs to be aware of the ethics behind the research activity Ethical issues arise throughout any piece of all research. These issues often turn into political ones, and there are also close connections between issues around participation and ethical concerns. Ethical issues also have a tendency to turn into questions of trust. The researcher is the research instrument therefore the reader and/or user of qualitative research must be able to trust the researcher to have followed the proper procedures. There are quite a few key phrases which describe the system of ethical protections that medical research and the contemporary social establishments have created such as, voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and rights to service, to better protect the research participant’s rights. When conducting research it is important to understand all stages of the research and apply good practices such as using unbiased sources and clear and ethical standards. Even when clear ethical standards and principles are in place, there will be times when the rights of potential participants runs up against the need to do accurate research. No set of standards can possibly anticipate every ethical circumstance. Furthermore, there needs to be a procedure that assures that researchers will consider all relevant ethical issues in formulating research plans.

Positive Body Image Group Essay - 1234 Words

Body image disturbance, or BID, can have negative effects on individuals and can be found among many different ages of women. In fact, BID can even be found in girls as young as age seven. Many negative effects have been attributed to BID, such as increased anxiety, stress, and depression, which can cause issues both psychologically and physically (Devaraj Lewis, 2010). Therefore, there is a need to help women combat these negative effects of body image disturbance and help maintain a more positive body image. Body image disturbance can be defined as a maladaptive internalization of an individuals weight, shape, and/or appearance, usually involving any combination of attitudinal, behavioral, and perceptual components (Bhatnagar,†¦show more content†¦It is important when developing a treatment module for BID that clinicians turn to prior research to guide them in the development of their therapy program. Literature Review It is evident throughout the literature that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in a group setting for BID appears to be the most effective and empirically supported treatment (Farrell, Shafran Lee, 2006). CBT encompasses various techniques, including cognitive restructuring, behavioral experiments, and size perception training. An exemplar study that employed some of these different components of CBT would be Bhatnagar, Wisniewski, Solomon, and Heinberg’s (2013) study. The authors developed a CBT group intervention for body image disturbance in women who had diagnosed eating disorders. The intervention targeted both attitudinal and behavioral components. The group consisted of eight sessions and used a variety of techniques, including: (a) psychoeducation, (b) breathing and progressive muscle relaxation, (c) imagined and in vivo exposures to desensitize to appearance and body image triggers, as well as (d) relapse prevention techniques. Each session also included homework to be completed prior to the next session. Bhatnagar et al. (2013) found that upon completion of the group program, participants were more satisfied with overall appearance and with individual body parts. The authors also found that there was lessShow MoreRelatedMedia Effects On Body Image Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesage groups and mostly women have been studied regarding media effects on body image. These studies did not test the external stimuli created by peer groups that have an impact on a person’s self-idealization. This study addressed individual age groups divided by gender in order to determine how much media effects body idealization and if gender peer group opinions impact self-idealization when viewing media models. 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